The industrial revolution

Beyond any doubt it occurred first in Britain, and its effects spread only gradually to continental Europe and North America. In the available supply of cotton was increased by Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin.

Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century Edinburgh. Locomotives increased rapidly in size and power, but the essential principles remained the same as those established by the Stephensons in the early s: But the use of gunpowder, dynamite, and steam diggers helped to reduce this dependence toward the end of the 19th century, and the introduction of compressed air and hydraulic tools also contributed to the lightening of drudgery.

The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialization.

The further development of the steamship was thus delayed until the s, when I. It was subsequently improved, but remained a vital source of light in coal mines until the advent of electric battery lamps.

There is no technical reason why this should not have enjoyed a success equal to that of the railway engine, but its development was so constricted by the unsuitability of most roads and by the jealousy of other road users that it achieved general utility only for heavy traction work and such duties as road rolling.

Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in While world supplies of oil expanded dramatically, the main demand was at first for the kerosenethe middle fraction distilled from the raw material, which was used as the fuel in oil lamps.

The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in Discover history through objects, photographs, interactive timelines: Steam power Main article: Iron was scarce and costly, and production was falling off because England's forests could not supply enough charcoal for smelting the ore.

When he became a factory employee, he not only had to work long hours, but he had to leave his little farm. Steel and Standard Oil controlled all stages of manufacturing the product, from mining and drilling to delivering it to the customer.

The first was the electric telegraph, invented or at least made into a practical proposition for use on the developing British railway system by two British inventors, Sir William Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstonewho collaborated on the work and took out a joint patent in Richard Trevithick, a Cornish blacksmith, began to use high pressure steam with improved boilers in Many factors helped bring about this revolution in trade.

The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind.

The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright. An Economic and Social History of Britain, What better way to learn about and appreciate the history of the United States than through viewing the illustrations of artists from the last century and a half.

The open-hearth process was gradually refined and by the end of the 19th century had overtaken the Bessemer process in the amount of steel produced. Corporations such as U.

Bad accidents often happen. The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton. Similar improvements were being made in other lines of industry.

A similar engine was installed in the Glasgow-built Comet, which was put in service on the Clyde in and was the first successful steamship in Europe. The Industrialization of Europe, In the first half of the 20th century, many countries of Europe socialized basic sectors of their economies.

In coal mines they pumped out the water which usually flooded the deep shafts. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before, all European countries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and Franceeven trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy.

It is apparent also in the development of technical educationuneven at first, being confined to the French polytechnics and spreading thence to Germany and North America but reaching even Britain, which had been most opposed to its formal recognition as part of the structure of education, by the end of the 19th century.

New trade routes were opened. The spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution In the early eighteenth century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises.

Finally, there was a psychological change: Grave problems arose for the workers--problems of working hours, wages, unemployment, accidents, employment of women and children, and housing conditions.

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During the s the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Britain. Britain changes from a rural society to an urban one. InBritain was still a rural nation with. The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.

The Industrial Revolution involved a shift in the United States from manual labor-based industry to more technical and machine-based manufacturing which greatly increased the overall production and economic growth of the United States, signifying a shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy widely accepted to have been a result of Samuel Slater's introduction of British Industrial methods.

Jul 06,  · The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam power to mechanize production. The Second used electric power to create mass production.

The Third used electronics and information technology to automate production. The First Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century, following in the wake of James Watt and his steam engine.

(A Second Industrial Revolution would occur late in the 19th century and involve the development of the steel industry and giant corporations.).

The industrial revolution