The correctional theory

The counterpart to the utilitarian theory of punishment is the retributive theory. Robert Merton, an American functionalist, agreed with Durkheim about the effect unclear rules have on a society and its members.

The strength of Sutherland's theory is found in his work on white-collar crime. They advocate for alternative sentencing that keeps the offender from being exposed to other deviants, as well as the greater stigma associated with imprisonment. The system was not considered further.

They wanted to develop a system that reflected new and progressive ideas that were seen in other social institutions, like the enlightened governing bodies, novel ways of thinking about the economy, and the powerful critiques of religion. But Merton's ideas differ from Durkheim's in that he recognized that some social structures, in this case capitalism, do not provide the same opportunities for everyone to be successful.

This is the intrinsic behavioral transformation of an individual. So, one learns to be a plumber, a lawyer, a bank robber, or an embezzler all in the same way. On the other hand, the utilitarian based modes of correction are based on the principle of rehabilitation whose main objective is to transform an individual into a law abiding and positively productive member of society Seter, The high number of repeat offenders shown by recidivism rates and over-stretched correctional facilities have brought to question the efficiency and effectiveness of the correctional system in punishment and rehabilitation to the end of deterring crime.

Italian philosopher and politician, Cesare Beccaria wrote one of the most powerful and widely utilized critiques of the penal system as it was employed during the eighteenth century.

Under the denunciation theory, punishment should be an expression of societal condemnation. According to Kurtz and Linnemanthese approaches are effective because they help reduce prison populations whilst offering close monitoring of offenders in a manner that discourages their engagement in crime.

He says that within groups, people learn deviant behavior and this knowledge is used to the extent that there is the opportunity to use it. Labeling Theory Related to Sutherland's differential association theory is labeling theory.

Becker said that if a behavior is labeled deviant, those who commit those acts are punished for being deviant, they then see themselves as deviant and, in this way, the greater society has contributed to the creation of deviance. Can you please help. The probationary based programs are also flexible to individual and community needs.

However, a person who is not mentally competent should not be punished. By the mid-twentieth century, the rate of institutionalization including prison, asylums, reformatories, etc. Bear in mind that the development of institutions to this extent was not considered inhumane, and was an attempt to provide a controlled environment for deviants of different types.

I cannot find three theories or articles. I can not find three theories or articles. Thus, the punishment should echo the harshness of the crime aka: Let us write you a custom essay sample on The Correctional Theory ORDER NOW Where the utilitarian theory looks forward by basing punishment on social benefits, the retributive theory looks backward at the transgression as the basis for punishment Markesinis, The best way to handle deviance is to make opportunities for conformity to norms available to deviants, as well as allowing them the opportunities to redefine themselves.

Sutherland's theory demands a look at the social structure, instead of an individual's personality or genetics. This way of punishing people in society is relatively new to the social world, and this is well established by the French historian Michel Foucault in his groundbreaking book investigating the birth of the modern prison system.

Bentham, a philosopher and social reformer who despised the idea of "natural law" because he said it served those in power, said laws were good or bad based on the utilitarian principle of "the greatest good for the greatest number.

The two main theories differ on one aspect which is embedded in their objectives. The most common traditional rationale for correction and punishment in the U.

In other words, so many different types of people had come to the United States so rapidly that there lacked the common bonds that keep people from deviating Harcourt, There is an initial look at deviance and crime as part of normal, healthy societies, establishing the need for all societies to have a means to impose social control on members who commit crimes.

So, one learns to be a plumber, a lawyer, a bank robber, or an embezzler all in the same way. But individuals want to maximize their own pleasure and minimize pain, so they could deviate if the rewards for doing so outweighed the costs of getting caught. For instance, a seed germinates under the earth and grows into a tree, without the laws of germination and growth changing.

Put another way, it is not possible to have deviance in a society if there are no rules called norms in sociology to be broken. Correctional theories focus mainly on the means of social control, and in the United States these have included monetary fines, incarceration, capital punishment, and the newly developing alternative sentencing programs, including community service and restorative justice programs.

Correctional Theories Currently the United States correctional system forms an important part of the criminal justice system. The system’s conception of justice, punishment and correction is made up of a combination of retributive, denunciation and utilitarian theories.

These theories are based on two common principles within the corrections system. Correctional Theory and the Effective Assessment of the Correctional Institutions.

Abstract This essay will focus on the application of Correctional Theory and.

In criminal justice, particularly in North America, correction, corrections, and correctional, are umbrella terms describing a variety of functions typically carried out by government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, and supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.

The Second Edition of Correctional Theory: Context and Consequences continues to identify and evaluate the major competing theories used to guide the goals, policies, and practices of the correctional Price: $ Welcome to the Companion Website.

This site is intended to enhance your use of Correctional Theory Second Edition by Francis T. Cullen and Cheryl Lero Jonson. The materials on this site are geared toward increasing your effectiveness with this material and. Correctional Theories Currently the United States correctional system forms an important part of the criminal justice system.

The system’s conception of justice, punishment and correction is made up of a combination of retributive, denunciation and utilitarian theories.

The correctional theory